Bjr Supplement 25 Pdf
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2 Web Supplement 25.4 effect during periods of tectonic stability due to the lack of mountain building and subduction. Tectonism is also important in the geological carbon cycle because it determines land-mass distributions. In the present day, most of the land mass is located in north-ern hemisphere mid-latitudes. The data tabulated on BJR Supplement 25 to within 0.8%. The BJR value (1.054) of 10 x 10 cm2 for 60Co is 0.6% lower than the present value due to the underestimation of scatters from the source capsule and collimators. For a given field size, PSF is varied by up to 2% when beam quality changes from 60Co to 24 MV. For normalized PSF, the.
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Values of tissue - air ratio (TAR) in the recent British Journal of Radiology (BJR) Supplement 25 have been increased by nearly 2% over the values which have been accepted for the past 30 years. The need for this was shown by analysis of previous data using scaling laws, together with Monte Carlo calculations and careful re-measurement. However, it was not clear why previous determinations of TAR were in error: it was not, as some workers argued, because scattered radiation had been included in the absorbed dose in the miniphantom, because TAR data in BJR Supplement 17 had been derived from peak scatter factor (PSF), which is not based on the miniphantom concept. The purpose of this paper is to find the real explanation of why the PSF and, therefore, TAR were underestimated for so long. Two definitions of PSF are considered: one based on kerma and one based on dose. This paper relates PSF of either definition to measurements of air kerma by including in the derivation the scatter in the plug which replaces the chamber when it has been removed from the surface of the water phantom.
The kerma-based PSF is found to be 2% higher than the simple ratio of chamber readings in phantom and in air. The value of the dose-based definition agrees with that of the kerma-based definition to within 0.2%.
It is the scatter in the replacement plug in the surface of the water phantom which was effectively ignored by previous workers, and which explains the underestimates of around 2% in PSF and TAR. The value of the dose-based PSF differs slightly from that of the kerma-based PSF because of the different distributions of primary and scatter photon fluence. Export citation and abstract. Tiger woods pga tour ps3.
• 317 Downloads • Abstract This study assessed the validity of the conversion from percentage depth dose (PDD) to tissue maximum ratio (TMR) using BJR Supplement 25 data for flattened and flattening filter free (FFF) beams. PDD and TMR scans for a variety of field sizes were measured in water using a Sun Nuclear Corporation 3D SCANNER™ on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator in 6 MV, 10 MV and 6 MV FFF beams. The BJR Supplement 25 data was used to convert the measured PDDs to TMRs and these were compared with the directly measured TMR data. The TMR plots calculated from PDD were within 1% for the 10 MV and 6 MV flattened beams, for field sizes 3 cm × 3 cm to 40 cm × 40 cm inclusive, at depths measured beyond the depth of maximum dose. The disagreement between the measured and calculated TMR plots for the 6 MV FFF beam increased with depth and field size to a maximum of 1.7% for a 40 cm × 40 cm field.